美国宇航局双胞胎研究:对长达一年的人类太空飞行的多维分析
Francine E Garrett-Bakelman1,2, Manjula Darshi3, Stefan J Green4
1Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
概括
长时间的太空飞行对宇航员造成了显著的生理和分子变化, 包括改变基因表达和端粒长度. 虽然有些效应有所逆转,但其他效应依然存在, 凸显未来太空任务的健康风险.
科学领域:
- 太空医学
- 人类生理学
- 基因组学
背景情况:
- 了解长期航天的健康风险对于宇航员安全至关重要.
- 国际空间站为研究这些效应提供了独特的环境.
- 双胞胎研究为控制遗传变量提供了一个强大的模型.
研究的目的:
- 综合评估一年太空任务对宇航员健康的影响.
- 确定太空飞行特定的分子,生理和认知变化.
- 建立未来人类太空探索健康风险的基准.
主要方法:
- 在国际空间站任务前,期间和之后对宇航员进行纵向监测.
- 使用一个基因相同的双胞胎作为地面控制.
- 使用多组分析 (基因组,转录组,代谢,微生物组) 和生理/认知评估.
主要成果:
- 观察到太空飞行引起的变化:体质减小,端粒延长,基因组不稳定,动脉变化,眼睛变化,代谢和转录变化,DNA甲基化变化,微生物组变化和认知衰退.
- 大多数平均端粒长度,基因表达和微生物组标记在飞行后6个月内恢复到飞行前的水平.
- 持续的变化包括短端粒增加和某些途径的基因表达受损.
结论:
- 长时间的太空飞行会引起宇航员多方面的健康变化.
- 虽然一些生理标记可能会正常化,但持续的分子变化表明潜在的长期健康风险.
- 这一全面的数据集是未来载人航天中减轻健康风险的重要路线图.
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