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Lewis Structures and Formal Charges02:19

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Lewis symbols can be used to indicate the formation of covalent bonds, which are shown in Lewis structures—drawings that describe the bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions. The periodic table can be used to predict the number of valence electrons in an atom and the number of bonds that will be formed to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, have filled electron configurations and thus rarely participate in chemical bonding. However, atoms from group 17, such as...
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In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists.
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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It has been known to humanity in various forms for thousands of years. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus recorded his experiments on static electricity using amber and fur in the sixth century BC.
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在带正电荷的闪电分支上发现了针状结构

B M Hare1, O Scholten2,3, J Dwyer4

  • 1KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. b.h.hare@rug.nl.

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|April 19, 2019
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概括

新的研究揭示了"针头",小等离子体结构,是射电源的主要来源从积极的领导者在闪电. 这些结构解释了领导者断电和多个云到地面的闪电事件.

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科学领域:

  • 大气物理
  • 血物理
  • 电磁学

背景情况:

  • 闪电是一种鲜为人知的自然现象,
  • 消极的领导者会发出无线电脉冲, 而积极的领导者会发出较少的高频辐射,
  • 之前关于领导者脱节的理论缺乏对领导者积极行为的完整解释.

研究的目的:

  • 调查闪电中正导体的无线电发射源.
  • 了解领导者脱节和多个云对地面闪电事件背后的机制.

主要方法:

  • 三维无线电干扰观测闪电.
  • 对闪电现象的高时空分辨率成像.

主要成果:

  • 确定了被称为"针头"的小等离子结构,作为正导体的主导无线电发射源.
  • 观察到这些"针头"似乎会从领导者身上排出电荷.
  • 发现"针头"与领导者脱节事件之间存在关联.

结论:

  • "针头"负责正向导的无线电辐射.
  • "针头"很可能解释了为什么积极的领导者会与负面的领导者断绝联系.
  • "针头"也可以解释云对地面闪电事件的多重连接.