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相关概念视频

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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相关实验视频

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Rescue of Recombinant Zika Virus from a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome cDNA Clone
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人工染色体绕过中心基因组

Glennis A Logsdon1, Craig W Gambogi1, Mikhail A Liskovykh2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, and Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Cell
|July 27, 2019
PubMed
概括

研究人员开发了新的人造染色体 (HACs),这些染色体在没有重复性DNA或CENP-B的情况下起作用. 这一突破简化了合成哺乳动物基因组的创建,并推动了合成生物学.

关键词:
在HAC中心分子染色体表观遗传学基因子人工染色体动力学细胞分裂核子体合成染色体

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科学领域:

  • 合成生物学
  • 基因组学
  • 表观遗传学

背景情况:

  • 哺乳动物的中间体规格依赖于CENP-A,这是一个基因组H3变体.
  • 之前的人工染色体 (HAC) 需要重复的α卫星DNA和CENP-B.

研究的目的:

  • 开发一种独立于重复中心DNA和CENP-B的新型HAC.
  • 探索合成染色体中中粒形成的替代途径.

主要方法:

  • 使用CENP-A核细胞种植策略进行构造.
  • 开发了一个非重复的DNA结构,用于HAC的创建.
  • 评估了HAC功能和DNA吸收特性.

主要成果:

  • 功能性HAC是由缺乏重复性DNA的结构形成的.
  • 这些HAC独立于CENP-B和初始CENP-A播种.
  • 在形成的HAC中没有观察到基因组DNA吸收.

结论:

  • 证明了新的,不重复的HACs,可以绕过传统的中间体形成约束.
  • 鉴定了不同DNA序列的独特的中间体形成途径.
  • 精简的HAC构造有助于哺乳动物合成基因组计划.