对人为气溶的平均液体云水反应较弱
Velle Toll1,2, Matthew Christensen3, Johannes Quaas4
1Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK. velle.toll@ut.ee.
Nature
|August 2, 2019
概括
与之前的理论相反, 人类产生的气溶会导致云水的微弱减少. 这一发现减少了气候变化预测的不确定性,
科学领域:
- 大气科学
- 气候科学
- 云物理
背景情况:
- 人类产生的气溶通过与云相互作用影响地球的气候.
- 由气溶引起的云水增加,通过压抑的降雨,被假设造成显著的冷却.
- 这意味着表面温度对人为强迫的高灵敏度.
研究的目的:
- 提供对气溶对云水的影响的直接观察证据.
- 量化气溶对液相云水含量的影响.
- 重新评估气体冷却效应
主要方法:
- 直接观察各种人为来源的风下污染云.
- 污染云中的水含量与未污染云中的水含量的比较.
- 估计气溶引起的云水变化及其对气候强迫的影响.
主要成果:
- 气溶导致液相云水的平均减少相对较弱.
- 压抑雨水 (增加水) 和增强蒸发 (减少水) 的气溶效应部分取消.
- 观察到的云水减少抵消了云水滴度增加所带来的冷却效应的23%.
结论:
- 由于云水增加而导致气候大幅降温的假设无效.
- 气溶与云的相互作用的冷却效果比之前估计的要弱.
- 减少了未来气候预测的不确定性.
相关概念视频
Weak Base Solutions
24.9K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
24.9K
Weak Acid Solutions
42.3K
Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
42.3K
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base
4.8K
Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
As a result, there is no simple...
4.8K
Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base
49.1K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
49.1K
The Water Cycle
28.1K
The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
28.1K
Average Acceleration
12.9K
The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
12.9K


