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Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
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The diverse plant life on Earth—consisting of nearly 400,000 species—can be divided into three broad categories based on biological characteristics: nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seed plants.
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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
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Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
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相关实验视频

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Inoculation Strategies to Infect Plant Roots with Soil-Borne Microorganisms
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植物如何征服土地

Stefan A Rensing1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; SYNMIKRO Center for Synthetic Microbiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

Cell
|May 30, 2020
PubMed
概括

对于动物来说至关重要的淡水藻类

科学领域:

  • 进化生物学
  • 基因组学
  • 植物科学

背景情况:

  • 大约5亿年前早期植物从水转向陆地是地球历史上一个关键事件.
  • 了解这种转变是理解陆地生态系统和动物生命演变的关键.
  • 早期陆地植物的基因组研究为特征进化提供了洞察力.

研究的目的:

  • 为了研究藻的基因组.
  • 增强对植物从水转化为陆地的进化过程的理解.

主要方法:

  • 链状藻的基因组测序
  • 对基因组进行比较分析.

主要成果:

  • 的基因组提供了与早期陆地植物进化相关的新遗传信息.
  • 分析揭示了遗传特征,可能有助于适应陆地环境.

结论:

  • 的基因组为从水到陆的转变提供了宝贵的洞察力.
  • 这项研究有助于我们了解植物的早期进化和土地的殖民.

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