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美国PM2.5空气污染的差异

Jonathan Colmer¹, Ian Hardman², Jay Shimshack³

¹Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. jonathan.colmer@virginia.edu.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|August 1, 2020

概括

美国地区之间的空气污染差异有所减少,但最多和最少污染的地方和人口从1981年到2016年保持一致. 细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 的绝对差异有所减少,但相对差异仍然存在.

科学领域:

环境科学
公共卫生
空间分析

背景情况:

空气污染,特别是细颗粒物 (PM2.5),在地理上分布不均.
虽然平均PM2.5度随着时间的推移而下降,但其空间分布的演变仍然不清楚.
了解PM2.5暴露的空间不平等对于公共卫生和环境正义至关重要.

研究的目的:

研究36年来美国PM2.5度的空间分布变化和差异.
分析地理,经济和人口因素如何与不断变化的PM2.5暴露模式相关.
评估受污染最多和最少的地区和子群体的持续性.

主要方法:

从大约860万个电网单元收集的36年 (1981-2016) 的PM2.5度数据.
来自大约65,000个美国人口普查区的综合地理,经济和人口统计数据.
分析了人口普查区间PM2.5度的绝对和相对差异的趋势.

主要成果:

从1981年到2016年,更多和少受污染的地区的PM2.5度绝对差异显著下降.
观察到持续性很高:在1981年污染最严重的人口普查区域在2016年仍然是污染最严重的地区,污染最少的地区也是如此.
在整个研究期间,1981年暴露最多的子群体在很大程度上仍然是暴露最多的子群体,这表明相对差异仍然存在.

结论:

美国人口普查区的PM2.5暴露的绝对差异已经减少.
在PM2.5暴露方面存在相对差异,污染地区和受污染的人口持续存在.
调查结果强调需要有针对性的干预措施来解决空气污染暴露的持续空间不平等问题.

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