在生理pH下用于快速化物形成的化酸的基于机制的设计
Matthias Tanriver1, Yi-Chung Dzeng1, Sara Da Ros1
1Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 14, 2021
概括
新的三甲酸盐 (KAT) 能够在中性pH下与酸胺形成快速的胺基键. 这一突破克服了酸性条件的局限性,为体内应用和生物分子结合铺平了道路.
科学领域:
- 有机化学
- 生物结合化学
- 医学化学
背景情况:
- 酸三酸 (KAT) 是化学选择性胺基键形成的有价值的试剂.
- 目前与氧胺的KAT结合需要酸性条件以达到最佳速率,这限制了它们对敏感生物分子和体内生物的有用性.
- 了解KAT结合机制对于开发与生理条件相容的新KAT变体至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 阐明酸三酸与胺结合的机制.
- 在中性pH条件下设计和合成新型KAT.
- 为了使KAT结合在生物环境中的应用,包括蛋白质修饰.
主要方法:
- 动力学研究以确定反应速度和顺序.
- 用X射线结晶学可视化反应中间体和过渡状态.
- 密度函数理论 (DFT) 计算以建模反应路径并确定关键因素.
- 新型8-烯酸三酸盐的合成和表征.
- 在生理pH下证明与蛋白质基质的结合.
主要成果:
- 机械研究显示,质子化在加速KAT结合过程中起着关键作用.
- 合成了新的8-烯酸三酸盐,表现出增强的基本性.
- 这些新型KAT在pH7.4 (速率常数>4M-1s-1) 时与胺酸形成迅速.
- 在生理pH下增强的速率归因于8-林-KATs的质子化,促进中间形成和离开组.
- 在生理条件下,在微分子度下与蛋白质基质成功结合.
结论:
- KATs的质子化显著加快了与基胺的胺键的形成.
- 八烯酸三酸是一种能够在生理pH下有效结合的新类KAT.
- 这种发展扩大了KAT化学对生物系统和体内应用的适用性.
- 这些发现为设计下一代用于生物结合和药物开发的KAT试剂提供了基础.
相关概念视频
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis
3.3K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
3.3K
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines
2.8K
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
2.8K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism
4.1K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
4.1K
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling
3.1K
The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
3.1K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview
3.4K
In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.
3.4K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism
6.8K
Imine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a primary amine. It begins with the generation of carbinolamine through a series of steps involving an initial nucleophilic attack and then several proton transfer reactions. The second part includes the elimination of water, as a leaving group, to give the imine.
Imines are formed under mildly acidic conditions. A pH of 4.5 is ideal for the reaction.
If the pH is low or the solution is too acidic, the reaction slows down in the...
Imines are formed under mildly acidic conditions. A pH of 4.5 is ideal for the reaction.
If the pH is low or the solution is too acidic, the reaction slows down in the...
6.8K


