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相关概念视频

The Fossil Record02:56

The Fossil Record

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The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
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Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
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What is Evolutionary History?02:35

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Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.
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Behaviors are actions that an organism engages in—they can be related to finding food, reproducing, defending against threats, and many other possible actions. Behaviors include activities related to the environment around the animal—such as migration—as well as social interactions within a species or population. Many behaviors involve motor output—that is, muscle movements—while others involve less visible actions, such as learning.
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相关实验视频

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish
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肉食恐龙中的水下食

Matteo Fabbri1, Guillermo Navalón2,3,4, Roger B J Benson5

  • 1Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA. mfabbri@fieldmuseum.org.

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概括

新的研究揭示了旋类恐龙是水生动物的专家, 在白纪早期适应水环境. 这一发现挑战了以前关于非鸟类恐龙及其陆地生活方式的观点.

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科学领域:

  • 古生物学
  • 脊椎动物学
  • 进化生物学

背景情况:

  • 在陆地脊椎动物中,二次水生适应已经独立进化了30多次.
  • 长期以来,非鸟类恐龙被认为是例外,只有少数水生物种被假设存在,但证据仍然存在争议.
  • 在已灭绝的动物中确定明确的水生适应性是具有挑战性的.

研究的目的:

  • 建立一种可靠的方法来利用骨密度推断已灭绝物种的水生习惯.
  • 研究非鸟类恐龙,特别是类恐龙的水生适应性.
  • 探索水生螺旋动物中的生态多样性.

主要方法:

  • 分析骨密度与水生生态之间的关系.
  • 应用骨密度推断方法来评估非鸟类恐龙的化石证据.
  • 与其他水生爬行动物和哺乳动物进行比较.

主要成果:

  • 在现存物种中,骨密度增加与水生习惯之间存在强烈的相关性.
  • 脊类动物的骨密度显著增加,这表明它们具有显著的水生适应性.
  • 在类动物中发现了生态多样性,包括水下食 (Spinosaurus,Baryonyx) 和非潜水习惯 (Suchomimus).

结论:

  • 骨密度是已灭绝的脊椎动物水生习惯的可靠指标.
  • 脊动物是水生物种的专家,在白纪早期发展出这些适应性.
  • 螺旋类动物的水生适应先于更明显的解剖学变化,反映了其他水生脊椎动物的模式.