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相关概念视频

Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview01:27

Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview

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Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the pinacol coupling reaction in 1859. It is a radical dimerization reaction and involves the reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of hydrocarbon solvent to yield vicinal diols.
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Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

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Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

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Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
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Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

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In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

6.8K
Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
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Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:15

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

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The aldol reaction of a ketone under acidic conditions successfully forms an unsaturated carbonyl as the final product instead of an aldol. The acid-catalyzed aldol reaction is depicted in Figure 1.
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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Retropinacol/Cross-pinacol Coupling Reactions - A Catalytic Access to 1,2-Unsymmetrical Diols
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在异质催化酒精合中直接观察溶剂反应中间相互作用

Eri Muramoto1, Dipna A Patel2, Wei Chen3,4

  • 1John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 16, 2022
PubMed
概括

反应中间体和共吸收的甲醇之间的相互作用稳定了催化表面,影响了反应速率和选择性. 这项研究揭示了对催化表面化学的新见解.

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科学领域:

  • 表面化学
  • 催化剂
  • 化学动力学

背景情况:

  • 表面相互作用决定了催化反应速率和选择性.
  • 二次相互作用,如范德瓦尔斯力,影响合反应的选择性.
  • 了解中间体-反应物相互作用对于表面催化是至关重要的.

研究的目的:

  • 直接证明吸附反应中间体和反应分子之间的相互作用对结合能量和分子排列的影响.
  • 研究甲醇在黄金 (Au110) 表面的氧化合反应.
  • 阐明甲氧中间体在稳定共吸收甲醇中的作用.

主要方法:

  • 使用扫描道显微镜 (STM) 进行分子规模的直接成像.
  • 密度函数理论 (DFT) 的计算.
  • 用于微动力分析的动力模型.

主要成果:

  • 甲氧中间体与共吸收的甲醇之间的相互作用增加了结合能.
  • 由甲氧和甲醇形成的结网络每甲醇分子至少稳定0.13 eV.
  • 甲基中间体稳定了多余的吸附甲醇,通过β-化物分解导致脱.

结论:

  • 反应中间体和共吸收物种之间的相互作用对表面化学有重大影响.
  • 准确的运动模型必须包括这些相互作用来预测催化速率和选择性.
  • 这些发现对气相和液相催化反应具有重要协同吸收物种的相关性.