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Induced-fit Model01:13

Induced-fit Model

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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
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在活细胞中具有基质选择性的嵌入膜的大分子催化剂

Yingjiao Deng1, Tong Wu1, Xianhui Chen1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Chem-/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.

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合成酶模仿物在细胞内显示基质选择性. 研究人员开发了一种在细胞膜上起作用的阴离子密度纳米粒子 (DSNP) 催化剂,使得特定分子的向合成和运输进入细胞.

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科学领域:

  • 仿生化学
  • 纳米技术
  • 细胞催化

背景情况:

  • 酶具有基质选择性,这是催化的一个关键特征.
  • 一个主要的目标是开发具有类似选择性的合成酶模仿物.
  • 之前的合成模仿器在生物系统中缺乏选择性.

研究的目的:

  • 报告一个模仿酶的宏分子催化剂的*in cellulo*基质选择性.
  • 研究阴离子密度外纳米粒子 (DSNP) 的结构-活性关系.
  • 证明DSNP作为嵌入膜催化剂 (MEC) 的应用,用于膜合成和细胞内传递.

主要方法:

  • 对DSNP的结构活动关系的系统研究.
  • 基于充电密度,充电类型和粒子大小的DSNP膜亲和度的评估.
  • 使用富含的DSNP作为MEC来证明膜上结合.
  • 对脂性和阴性分子的基质选择性的评估.

主要成果:

  • DSNP表现出极好的膜亲和力,受电荷特性和大小的影响.
  • 富含的DSNP有效地作为嵌入膜催化剂 (MEC).
  • 在膜结合过程中,DSNP催化剂保持了对脂性和阴性基质的基质选择性.
  • 在细胞膜上成功合成并运输到真核细胞的低细胞透性分子.

结论:

  • 阴阳性DSNP可以被设计为具有*in cellulo*基质选择性的有效酶模拟物.
  • DSNP 作为有效的膜嵌入催化剂用于膜合成.
  • 这一策略通过膜上形成和运输促进了具有挑战性的分子的细胞内传递.