相关概念视频
The Thyroid Gland
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Cancer
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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Cancer Therapies
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Tumor Immunotherapy
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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甲状腺癌
Debbie W Chen1, Brian H H Lang2, Donald S A McLeod3
1Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Lancet (London, England)
|April 6, 2023
概括
最近的进展为甲状腺癌提供了新的诊断和治疗选择, 然而,护理方面的差异仍然存在,这凸显了研究和多样化的患者包容性的需要.
科学领域:
- 癌症学
- 医疗诊断
- 公共卫生
背景情况:
- 在过去的5到10年里, 甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗取得了重大进展.
- 新的基于超声波的风险分层系统旨在减少不必要的甲状腺结节活检.
- 对于晚期甲状腺癌的治疗方法和全身疗法正在出现.
研究的目的:
- 总结最近的甲状腺癌诊断和治疗方案.
- 尽管有进展,但甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗仍然存在差异.
- 强调需要持续研究和公平的患者包容.
主要方法:
- 对甲状腺癌诊断的最新进展进行了回顾.
- 探索新兴的少入侵的治疗方案.
- 对晚期疾病的新系统治疗方法的分析.
- 检查甲状腺癌治疗现有的差异.
主要成果:
- 引入新的基于超声波的甲状腺结节风险分层系统.
- 开发低风险甲状腺癌的外科手术替代方案.
- 为晚期甲状腺癌患者提供新的全身疗法.
- 在诊断和管理方面发现持续的差异.
结论:
- 尽管有显著的进展, 甲状腺癌治疗的差异需要注意.
- 支持基于人群的研究和随机临床试验至关重要.
- 为了解决护理障碍和促进公平, 必须将不同患者群体纳入研究.


