三种文化儿童的利他主义和超利他主义
Jinyi Zhang1, Sara Valencia Botto2, Philippe Rochat2
1Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Journal of experimental child psychology
|May 31, 2023
概括
孩子 孩子 孩子 孩子
科学领域:
- 发展心理学 发展心理学
- 跨文化心理学 跨文化心理学
- 行为经济学是一种行为经济学.
背景情况:
- 儿童的亲社会行为,包括利他主义和平等主义,对于社会发展至关重要.
- 了解年龄和文化在塑造孩子的公平性和利他主义倾向方面的相互作用是必不可少的.
- 以前的研究表明,亲社会行为的发展性转变,但跨文化变异需要进一步调查.
研究的目的:
- 从发展和跨文化角度研究儿童的超利己主义 (优先考虑他人的福利).
- 检查年龄和文化背景如何影响儿童在分配奖励和伤害方面的决定.
- 在不同的文化背景下比较利他主义和平等主义的分享行为.
主要方法:
- 参与者:来自中国城市,美国城市和萨摩亚农村的158名3-14岁儿童.
- 程序:孩子们分发奖励 (贴纸,甜点) 或厌恶物品 (昆虫) 给自己和另一个孩子.
- 附加任务:孩子们为自己或另一个孩子选择假设的疼痛水平,以换取奖励.
主要成果:
- 与年龄较小的孩子相比,在分配奖励时,年长的孩子在分配奖励时更加平等.
- 年长的孩子表现出更大的利他主义,在分配伤害时,他们承担更多的伤害,以免其他人受到伤害.
- 观察到文化差异:中国儿童表现出更多的利他主义,美国儿童表现出更多的平等主义,萨摩亚儿童表现出没有明确的模式.
结论:
- 虽然在儿童中存在平等和利他主义共享的普遍趋势,但显著的文化差异是显而易见的.
- 与年龄相关的发展影响孩子的亲社会行为,年长的孩子表现出更细微的公平和利他主义.
- 文化背景在塑造儿童愿意优先考虑他人的福祉方面发挥着至关重要的作用,特别是在涉及伤害的情况下.
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