在昆虫食草和真菌群落上的昆虫食草和真菌群落
Michael P Donovan1,2,3,4, Peter Wilf4, Ari Iglesias5
1Geological Collections, Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington United States of America.
PhytoKeys
|June 5, 2023
概括
化石的Agathis植物揭示了古老的昆虫和真菌食草动物群落,在现代物种中发现了类似的损伤. 这项研究突出了阿加西斯 (Araucariaceae) 及其相关动物群的长期生态重要性.
科学领域:
- 古植物学是古植物学.
- 昆虫与植物的相互作用
- 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
背景情况:
- 阿加斯 (Araucariaceae) 是在澳大利亚和东南亚发现的宽叶针叶树.
- 来自巴塔哥尼亚的化石阿加蒂斯显示出各种各样的昆虫和真菌协会,包括叶子矿.
- 以前的研究表明,早期的古世和可能是最新的白纪阿加蒂斯化石.
研究的目的:
- 为了记录从白到最近的化石Agathis草食群落.
- 为了比较昆虫和真菌对化石Agathis与现存物种的损害.
- 为了证明Agathis草食群体的进化历史.
主要方法:
- 描述和比较从巴塔哥尼亚的四个最晚的白纪到早期的旧世时期的化石阿加蒂斯的昆虫和真菌损伤.
- 将化石损伤与在15种现存的Agathis物种中发现的损伤进行比较.
- 分析各种类型的损害,包括外部叶子养,叶子矿,胆汁和生真菌.
主要成果:
- 化石Agathis的关联包括外部叶子养,叶子矿,胆汁和生真菌.
- 神秘的结构,可能是装甲规模的昆虫 (Diaspididae) 盖或胆,在阿加蒂斯被发现超过1600万年的时间在早期古世.
- 现存的Agathis物种表现出多样化,主要是未经描述的损害,类似于化石协会.
结论:
- 在整个进化历史上,阿加蒂斯一直是各种各样的昆虫食草动物和病原体的重要宿主.
- 这项研究揭示了Agathis及其相关动物群的长期生态重要性.
- 阿加蒂斯草食群体的进化历史在很大程度上是未知的,需要进一步调查.
相关概念视频
02:11The Roles of Bacteria and Fungi in Plant Nutrition
36.3K
Plants have the impressive ability to create their own food through photosynthesis. However, plants often require assistance from organisms in the soil to acquire the nutrients they need to function correctly. Both bacteria and fungi have evolved symbiotic relationships with plants that help the species to thrive in a wide variety of environments.
36.3K
00:58Symbiosis
29.0K
Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
29.0K
02:40Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores
13.1K
Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
13.1K
01:29Fungal Group Zygomycota
58
Zygomycota, previously classified as a distinct fungal group, are primarily terrestrial, saprophytic molds that play a crucial role as decomposers. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that these fungi are now divided into two major clades — Mucoromycota, which includes many symbiotic species, and Zoopagomycota, which primarily consists of parasitic and pathogenic fungi. These groups exhibit distinct ecological roles and reproductive strategies while sharing key structural and...
58
01:26Fungal Phylum Basidiomycota
138
Basidiomycota is a diverse phylum of fungi that includes ecologically significant decomposers such as white rot fungi, symbionts like mycorrhizal fungi, plant pathogens such as rusts and smuts, and edible species like Agaricus bisporus (the common button mushroom). These fungi play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships, and even human health. Their defining feature is the basidium, a microscopic club-shaped structure responsible for producing basidiospores.Fruiting Bodies...
138
01:29Overview of Fungi
63
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes more closely related to animals than other eukaryotes. Fungal cell walls comprise chitin, a polysaccharide that provides structural strength, and glucans, which contribute to flexibility and integrity. Other polysaccharides, such as mannans and galactosans, may supplement or replace chitin in some fungi. These adaptations, along with their preference for acidic environments and tolerance for high osmotic pressure, enable fungi to thrive in various...
63