通过水平基因转移塑造真核生物表观遗传系统.
Irina R Arkhipova1, Irina A Yushenova1, Fernando Rodriguez1
1Marine Biological Laboratory, Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
概括
基因甲基化,一个关键的表观遗传机制,涉及的酶在细菌进化. 这些酶被转移到真核生物中,塑造了表观遗传调节,并挑战了现有的进化范式.
科学领域:
- 表观遗传学 在表观遗传学中,表观遗传学是指表观遗传学.
- 分子生物学分子生物学
- 基因组学就是基因组学.
背景情况:
- 基因甲基化是一种基本的表观遗传机制,涉及DNA中的化学修饰.
- DNA甲基转移酶起源于 prokaryotes 作为对外来DNA的防御系统.
- 这些酶后来通过横向基因转移被真核生物获得.
研究的目的:
- 为了探索DNA甲基转移酶的进化起源.
- 为了研究细菌DNA修饰系统在真核生物中的合作选择.
- 了解C5-甲基细胞因子以外的多种DNA修饰的作用.
主要方法:
- 在原核生物和真核生物之间对DNA甲基转移酶进行比较基因组学分析.
- 生物信息学方法来追踪水平基因转移事件.
- 对现有的关于表观遗传修饰及其进化史的文献进行审查.
主要成果:
- DNA甲基转移酶表现出一种 prokaryotic 起源,并被整合到真核生物的表观遗传调节.
- 多个独立的水平基因转移事件促进了这些酶的合作.
- 在甲基动物中发现N4-甲基细胞素强调了表观遗传系统的可塑性.
结论:
- 细胞表观遗传调节系统在细菌防御机制中具有深厚的进化根源.
- 基因甲基转移酶的水平转移显著影响了真核生物表观遗传学的进化.
- 对非正规DNA修饰的进一步研究对于全面了解表观遗传学至关重要.
相关概念视频
02:18Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms
28.8K
Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
28.8K
01:27Horizontal Gene Transfer
45
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
45
03:21Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes
8.0K
While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
8.0K
01:16Transduction
49
Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
49
01:26Transformation
36
Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...
36
01:19Conjugation
37
Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
37