政策包和政策空间:从COVID-19中吸取教训
Katharina Bergant1,2, Kristin Forbes1,2
1International Monetary Fund.
European economic review
|June 26, 2023
概括
各国在COVID-19期间利用了财政刺激和货币政策等多种政策工具. 预先存在的政策空间,而不是国家压力,主要指导了应对措施,除了发达经济体的财政刺激.
科学领域:
- 经济学 经济学 经济学
- 公共政策 公共政策
- 国际金融 国际金融
背景情况:
- COVID-19大流行给全球经济和健康带来了前所未有的冲击.
- 了解国家如何制定对严重负面冲击的政策反应,对于经济稳定至关重要.
- 现有的研究往往侧重于单一的政策类型,需要对政策包进行全面分析.
研究的目的:
- 分析各国在应对COVID-19冲击时构建的政策包.
- 确定政策选择的决定因素,包括先前存在的政策空间和经济,金融和健康压力的程度.
- 检查不同政策工具之间的相互作用和潜在的缺乏协调.
主要方法:
- 利用了几个新的数据集来追踪广泛的政策工具.
- 包括财政刺激 (上线和下线),货币政策 (利率,资产购买,流动性,交换线),外汇干预,宏观审慎法规和资本控制.
- 采用了跨国家和政策类型的比较分析,将COVID-19应对措施与早期事件进行对比.
主要成果:
- 预先存在的政策空间是政策反应的更重要的决定因素,而不是国家特征或压力水平.
- 发达经济体在财政刺激方面表现出较少的政策空间限制,与之前的危机不同.
- 债务较高的发达经济体的财政刺激通常涉及更多的下线承诺.
- 使用一种政策工具通常不会影响其他工具的使用,这表明政策协调有限.
结论:
- 政策空间是各国应对严重经济冲击的关键约束因素.
- 在COVID-19大流行期间,先进经济体在财政刺激方面表现出独特的灵活性.
- 政策工具之间缺乏最佳协调表明了潜在的低效率,特别是当政策空间有限时.
相关概念视频
01:03Drug Control Governance: Regulatory Bodies and Their Impact
191
Drug control governance involves the oversight and regulation of pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy while preventing illegal drug use and trafficking. Regulatory bodies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union's European Medicines Agency (EMA), play a central role in this process. These agencies evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs before they can be marketed. They fund clinical trials and assess the benefits and risks associated with...
191
01:26Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System
3.3K
At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is...
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is...
3.3K
01:29Issues And Trends In Healthcare Delivery System
5.7K
The issues and trends in healthcare delivery are constantly changing. The COVID-19 pandemic is one recent issue that wreaked havoc on healthcare systems, causing a shortage of healthcare workers, high demand for medicines and supplies, and increased medical expenditure due to a lack of insurance. Other issues include rising healthcare costs and care fragmentation.
Cost Containment
Payment for healthcare services has historically promoted adoption of costly and often unnecessary or inefficient...
Cost Containment
Payment for healthcare services has historically promoted adoption of costly and often unnecessary or inefficient...
5.7K
01:21Causality in Epidemiology
500
Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
500
01:26Principles of Disease Surveillance
131
Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
131
01:29Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response
116
Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical situations like flooding and earthquakes. By integrating spatial and demographic data, GIS provides a comprehensive framework for emergency response.GIS integrates data layers, like rainfall intensity, topography, elevation profiles, and river levels, to model high-risk flood zones. These layers assess areas susceptible to flooding based on their...
116