在前西班牙裔美国西南北部的财富不平等:从马尔萨斯到泰奇
Timothy A Kohler1,2,3,4, Darcy Bird1, R Kyle Bocinsky3,5
1Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
概括
以吉尼系数衡量,前西班牙裔普埃布洛社会中的财富不平等与定居的持久性有关. 由于农业位减少,高不平等与离开村庄的机会减少有关.
科学领域:
- 考古人类学 考古人类学
- 进化生态学的进化生态学
- 社会不平等的社会不平等.
背景情况:
- 在西班牙前的普埃布洛社会,从公元800年到1200年,财富和权力差异一直存在.
- 了解社会不平等的驱动因素对于重建过去的社会动态和崩至关重要.
- 之前的模型建议突如其来的马尔萨斯平衡,但需要一个细微的,长期的观点.
研究的目的:
- 用基尼系数根据房屋大小来量化前西班牙裔普埃布洛社会中的财富差异.
- 调查财富不平等,定居点持久性和农业资源的可用性之间的关系.
- 分析农业社会中长期向马尔修斯动态的过渡.
主要方法:
- 使用房子大小作为财富的代理计算吉尼系数.
- 统计分析将吉尼系数与定居点持久性和干旱农业利基规模相关联.
- 整合和修改"马尔修斯平衡的突然强加"模型.
主要成果:
- 高基尼系数 (显著的财富不平等) 与定居的持续性有积极的关联.
- 财富不平等与空置的干旱农业利基的规模呈反向关系.
- 这个地区的马尔图斯主义动态的转变发生了几个世纪,不是突然发生的.
结论:
- 村庄内部的动态,包括生产性玉米田的不平等分配和平衡的互惠制度,推动了财富不平等.
- 缩小农业机会,加剧了贡税或税收制度,限制了个人离开村庄的能力,加剧了不平等.
- 资源限制的社会转变是渐进的,跨越了几个世纪,挑战了马尔苏斯的突如其来的模型.
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