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相关概念视频

The Uncertainty Principle04:08

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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
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Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
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Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source
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用干预进行测量的量子不确定性原则.

Yunlong Xiao1,2, Yuxiang Yang3,4, Ximing Wang2

  • 1Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, No. 16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore.

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概括

海森伯格的不确定性原理现在适用于具有多个干预的交互实验. 这揭示了量子系统中学习不同因果关系之间的基本权衡.

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科学领域:

  • 量子力学就是量子力学.
  • 信息理论是信息理论.
  • 因果推理的原因推理.

背景情况:

  • 海森伯格的不确定性原理传统上限制了在单个时间点同时测量量子性质.
  • 在复杂的系统中推断因果关系往往需要适应性,多层次的实验干预.

研究的目的:

  • 为一般互动测量建立通用不确定性原则.
  • 探索这些原则对量子系统中的因果推理的影响.

主要方法:

  • 为普遍不确定性原则制定一个理论框架.
  • 对涉及任意轮干预的交互式测量协议的分析.
  • 适用于展示因果依赖测量的权衡的案例研究.

主要成果:

  • 展示适用于交互式测量的普遍不确定性原则.
  • 确定支持不同因果关系的测量之间的基本不确定性权衡.
  • 扩展不确定性原则的概念超越一次性测量.

结论:

  • 互动测量受到基本的不确定性约束,类似于传统的量子测量.
  • 这些约束对同时推断明显的因果关系的能力施加了权衡.
  • 这些发现对设计量子信息和因果推理实验有影响.