从共生主义到寄生主义,在一个属级别的类鱼群中
Hiromi Kayama Watanabe1, Daisuke Uyeno2, Luna Yamamori3
1X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.
Biology letters
|July 5, 2023
概括
分子数据揭示了罕见的寄生虫子Rhizolepas从开始性亲属进化. 这一发现揭示了寄生虫和生物多样性的演变,显示了鱼适应的过渡阶段.
科学领域:
- 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
- 寄生虫学的寄生虫学
- 海洋生物学 海洋生物学
背景情况:
- 了解寄生虫进化对于解释生物多样性至关重要,因为寄生虫可能占所有物种的一半.
- 寄生虫很难研究,因为它们的化石很差,并且没有明确的形态特征将它们与非寄生虫的亲属联系起来.
- 巴纳克斯表现出极端的寄生虫适应性,但它们从形祖先的进化起源仍然不清楚.
研究的目的:
- 为了研究罕见的虫寄生虫虫的进化起源,Rhizolepas.
- 为了确定Rhizolepas在甲类中的遗传位置.
- 了解鱼寄生虫进化的过渡阶段.
主要方法:
- 使用分子数据进行了家族遗传学分析.
- 对形态特征 (板状减少) 和宿主-寄生虫关系的比较分析.
- 寄生虫血统的分歧的年代.
主要成果:
- 里索拉佩斯是基因组学上嵌套在一个类的开始性鱼,主要来自Octolasmis属.
- 这一类包括表现出从自由生活到寄生生活方式过渡的各个阶段的物种.
- 导致生的分歧发生在大约19.15亿年前,以快速的解剖变化为标志.
结论:
- 分子证据支持这样一个假设:鱼中的寄生虫是从共生祖先进化而来的.
- 八虫-生虫离子体代表了对寄生虫的适应的一系列.
- 快速的解剖学修饰很可能伴随着在Rhizolepas和潜在的其他寄生虫血统中的寄生虫的进化.
相关概念视频
00:58Symbiosis
28.9K
Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
28.9K
01:27Diversity of Protists II
58
Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
58
02:40Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores
13.1K
Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
13.1K
01:15Diversity of Protists I
45
Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
45
01:27Diversity of Protists III
57
Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
57
01:23Phylogeny
44.6K
Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire kingdom.
44.6K