在战略互动中负和竞争的心理学
Christopher K Hsee1, Ying Zeng2, Xilin Li3
1Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business.
Journal of personality and social psychology
|July 13, 2023
概括
人们经常因为浅薄的思维而参与昂贵的负和竞争. 鼓励考虑后果或减缓决策,可以减少这种自我损害的竞争行为.
科学领域:
- 心理学 心理学 心理学
- 行为经济学是一种行为经济学.
- 决策科学 决策科学 决策科学
背景情况:
- 现实世界的冲突,从人际争端到国际关系,往往涉及负和竞争,参与者承受损失.
- 这种竞争行为,个人获利的代价对其他人来说更高,可能导致影响所有各方的有害损失螺旋.
- 了解这种自我破坏性竞争的心理驱动因素对于制定缓解策略至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 在受控的实验环境中研究负和竞争的心理基础.
- 识别促进或抑制参与有害竞争行为的因素.
- 探索认知过程的作用,特别是浅层与深层思维在推动负和竞争中的作用.
主要方法:
- 开发一种实验范式,配对参与者可以反复选择一种行动,从而获得一个小的个人收益和一个更大的损失.
- 操纵决策环境以对比离散的 (更慢,更深的思维) 与连续的 (疯狂,浅薄的思维) 时间条件.
- 包括一个条件,参与者被明确要求考虑他们的行动的下游后果.
主要成果:
- 大多数参与者从事负和行为,尽管有选择放弃,但遭受了重大个人损失.
- 当被建议考虑下游后果时,参与者参与负和竞争的可能性明显降低.
- 与疯狂,连续的环境相比,更慢,分立的决策环境,促进更深入的思考,也减少了负和行为的发生率.
结论:
- 浅层思维,以关注即时的自我利益和忽视未来影响为特征,是负和竞争的关键驱动力.
- 促进考虑长期后果和促进更深层次的认知处理的干预措施可以减轻有害的竞争行为.
- 调查结果为减少各种现实竞争场景中的损失螺旋提供了洞察力.
相关概念视频
02:34Competition
21.8K
When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
21.8K
04:49Robbers Cave
14.3K
During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension...
14.3K
01:47Aggression
27.9K
Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
27.9K
02:45Self-Discrepancy Theory
18.4K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
18.4K
01:14Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance
115
Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
115
01:04Social Facilitation
32.0K
Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
32.0K