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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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The Equilibrium Constant03:11

The Equilibrium Constant

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Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:
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在气相冰纳米粒子上,HNO3是否会分离?

Anastasiya Khramchenkova1, Andriy Pysanenko2, Jozef Ďurana2

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与较大的表面相比,酸解离在小冰纳米颗粒上被抑制. 质子转移显著减少,影响大气冰颗粒化学.

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科学领域:

  • 物理化学 物理化学
  • 大气科学 大气科学
  • 表面科学是一门学科.

背景情况:

  • 酸 (HNO3) 在大气化学中起着至关重要的作用.
  • 冰面上的异质反应影响大气组成.
  • 了解HNO3与水冰的相互作用对于气候建模至关重要.

研究的目的:

  • 为了研究酸在水冰纳米粒子上的解离.
  • 为了比较纳米粒子上的HNO3解离与宏观冰面上的HNO3解离.
  • 为了确定粒子大小对质子转移的影响.

主要方法:

  • 使用分子束来研究 (H2O) N 集群 (N ≈ 30-500).
  • 使用单个HNO3分子的兴奋剂水集群.
  • 在低能电子附着 (1.5-15 eV) 后,通过质谱测量探测集群离子.

主要成果:

  • 观察到HNO3解离形成NO3-H3O+离子对的直接证据.
  • 超过一半的观测到的集群离子来自于非解离的HNO3.
  • 与宏观冰相比,纳米大小的颗粒显著抑制了质子转移.

结论:

  • 酸解离在冰纳米颗粒上的效率明显低于散装冰上的效率.
  • 在小冰颗粒上抑制的质子转移对大气中异质过程有影响.
  • 粒子大小是控制酸对大气冰的反应性的一个关键因素.