全球空气污染暴露和贫困问题
Jun Rentschler1, Nadezda Leonova2
1The World Bank, Washington, WA, USA. jrentschler@worldbank.org.
Nature communications
|July 22, 2023
概括
空气污染不成比例地影响全球贫困社区. 数十亿人呼吸不安全的细颗粒物 (PM2.5),低收入国家的最脆弱的人口面临着最高的风险.
科学领域:
- 环境健康 环境健康
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 健康的社会经济决定因素
背景情况:
- 空气污染是全球主要的健康风险,导致严重的死亡率和发病率.
- 低收入人群对空气污染的暴露和脆弱性不成比例地更高.
- 了解环境质量与社会经济地位之间的联系对于有针对性的干预至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 调查211个国家和地区的环境空气污染暴露与贫困之间的关系.
- 量化暴露于危险细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 水平的人数,按收入分层.
- 在最贫困人口中确定空气污染负担最高的地区.
主要方法:
- 利用了世界卫生组织 (WHO) 2021年修订的细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 门.
- 采用高分辨率的空气污染和人口地图,覆盖全球.
- 综合性国家以下贫困估计来源于协调的家庭调查.
主要成果:
- 在全球范围内,有73亿人接触到年平均PM2.5度超过世卫组织指导方针.
- 80%的接触者生活在低收入和中等收入国家.
- 世界上最贫穷的7.16亿人 (每天收入低于1.90美元) 居住在有不安全空气污染的地区,特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲.
结论:
- 全球在空气污染暴露方面存在显著的差异,穷人承担了最大的负担.
- 低中等收入国家具有较高的污染水平,通常与经济依赖污染工业有关.
- 解决空气污染问题需要综合战略,考虑社会经济因素,并优先考虑弱势群体.
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