越来越谨慎的采样,而不是不好吃的猎物的黑色染色,是鱼类用来避免学习的
Mikołaj Kaczmarski1, Jan M Kaczmarek1,2, Krzysztof Kowalski3
1Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71 C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland.
Animal cognition
|July 28, 2023
概括
青青的黑色色调并不是对鱼类捕食者的警告信号. 捕食者的经验,而不是颜色,通过鼓励谨慎的猎物采样,减少了子的伤害和死亡率.
科学领域:
- 生态生态学 生态生态学
- 进化生物学 进化生物学
- 动物行为 动物行为
背景情况:
- 异体色彩被认为可以警告捕食者猎物无利可图,从而促进避免学习.
- 黑幼虫在有毒的虫中很常见,经常被认为是警告信号.
- 捕食者学习对于警告信号的效率至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 为了调查普通 (Bufo bufo) 的黑色色调是否能作为鱼类捕食者的有效警告信号.
- 为了确定捕食者经验是否影响猎物采样行为和死亡率.
- 评估在捕食者与猎物的互动中,先天偏见与学会回避的作用.
主要方法:
- 一个两阶段的捕食实验,比较了鱼类对正常黑色和短暂的白色Bufo bufo的捕食.
- 在毒性和活性水平方面,鱼被匹配.
- 鱼被连续呈现不同颜色形态的头,以评估攻击率,处理时间和死亡率.
主要成果:
- 黑和灰色的攻击率没有显著差异.
- 在随后的试验中,捕食者 (鱼类) 处理 (口腔) 时间缩短,子死亡率降低,无论子的颜色如何.
- 随着捕食者经验 (攻击数量) 的增加,处理时间减少.
结论:
- 在这种单个物种的背景下,黑色头的色彩并不能加速捕食者学习猎物的无利可图性.
- 捕食者在采样可能有毒的猎物时变得更加谨慎,随着越来越多的经验.
- 经验丰富的捕食者的这种谨慎的采样行为可能解释了自然种群中异体形态的持久性.
相关概念视频
02:39Predator-Prey Interactions
16.3K
Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
16.3K
01:06Fixed Action Patterns
16.1K
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
16.1K
01:14Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness
1.8K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
1.8K
01:21Frequency-dependent Selection
22.1K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
22.1K
01:14Conditioned Taste Aversion
181
Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single...
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single...
181
01:05Instinctive Drift
251
Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
251