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相关概念视频

An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs01:28

An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs

258
Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
Stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine enhance brain activity, leading to increased alertness, attention, and energy. These drugs typically raise heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. While they can induce feelings of euphoria, their misuse can result in severe health...
258
CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents01:22

CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents

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Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
184
Hallucinogens and Psychedelics01:27

Hallucinogens and Psychedelics

210
Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
Marijuana, derived from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, contains...
210
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
336
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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检查Kratom菌株之间的精神活性差异

Guido Huisman1,2, Maximilian Menke2, Oliver Grundmann1

  • 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

International journal of environmental research and public health
|July 29, 2023
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概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) 用户报告了红色,绿色和白色菌株的不同影响,与营销一致. 然而,类化合物分析没有显示出显著的菌株差异,这表明营销和事报告可能会严重影响感知效应.

关键词:
7 - - 氧胺基尼因米特拉基纳特异性植物克拉托姆 (Kratom) 是一种这就是米特拉基尼因.精神活性化合物 精神活性化合物

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科学领域:

  • 民族植物学 民族植物学
  • 药理学 药理学是指药理学的学科.
  • 神经科学是一个神经科学.

背景情况:

  • 克拉 (Mitragyna speciosa) 是东南亚的一种植物,含有具有药理作用的类化合物.
  • 在线供应商销售各种具有明显假定效果的kratom菌株.
  • 关于 kratom 菌株效应的营销声称在很大程度上是没有根据的.

研究的目的:

  • 调查不同颜色的kratom产品 (红色,绿色,白色) 是否会在使用者身上产生明显的自我报告效应.
  • 为了比较用户报告的经验和动机在不同的kratom菌株.
  • 评估报告的效应与实际的类化合物含量之间的关系.

主要方法:

  • 在644名现有kratom用户中进行了匿名调查.
  • 对红色,绿色和白色克拉菌株的自我报告影响和动机的比较.
  • 从一个单一供应商的kratom产品中化物含量的分析.

主要成果:

  • 调查受访者报告了不同克拉菌株的不同主观经验,与营销描述一致.
  • 独立的实验室分析显示,类化合物含量没有显著的跨菌株差异.
  • 报告的效果差异可能会受到营销叙述和事证据的不成比例的影响.

结论:

  • 用户报告的克拉菌株效应与营销一致,但缺乏化物概况的客观支持.
  • 营销和事报告对 kratom 感知效应的影响需要进一步调查.
  • 未来的研究应该包括多样化的群体,多个供应商和受控研究,以探索安慰剂效应和其他因素,如小类化合物和类.