五岁儿童对在线语言理解过程中对对象身份的知识差异的敏感性
Narae Ju1, Valerie San Juan2, Craig G Chambers3
1Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
Journal of experimental child psychology
|July 31, 2023
概括
五岁的孩子在处理语言时很难忽略他们自己的知识,特别是当他们拥有关于一个对象的独特信息时. 这种困难影响了他们的实时语言理解和管理不同的视角.
科学领域:
- 发展心理学 发展心理学
- 认知科学 认知科学
- 语言学的语言学.
背景情况:
- 孩子们经常遇到沟通场景,他们的知识与他们的交谈伙伴有所不同.
- 了解儿童如何处理这些知识差异对于理解实时语言处理至关重要.
- 之前的研究已经探索了语言的共同点,但对管理特权信息的了解较少.
研究的目的:
- 调查5岁儿童在实时语言理解中管理知识差异的能力.
- 检查儿童在处理模两可的语言时是否可以抑制私人知识.
- 为了比较孩子们处理不同类型知识差异的能力.
主要方法:
- 与5岁儿童一起使用参考沟通任务.
- 实验1:测试儿童在共享与特权知识条件下与视觉上具有误导性的对象.
- 实验2:对比特权知识与标准的共同基础场景.
主要成果:
- 在特权知识条件下,儿童在早期参考解释过程中没有抑制他们的私人知识.
- 当说话者的知识有限 (共同点) 时,孩子们表现出更好的处理差异的能力.
- 结果表明,在语言理解过程中,在管理不同类型的知识差异方面,有不同的能力.
结论:
- 五岁的孩子很难在实时语言处理中压制他们自己的知识.
- 管理知识差异的能力取决于差异的具体性质.
- 这项研究强调了儿童务实语言技能和思想理论的发展差异.
相关概念视频
01:22Language Development
397
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
397
01:21The Nativist Approach
89
The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
89
01:27Language and Cognition
375
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
375
01:31Confirmation Biases
5.5K
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
5.5K
01:19Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development
91
The formal operational stage, as described in Piaget's cognitive development theory, begins around age 11 and extends into adulthood. It marks the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities that differentiate adolescent and adult thinking from those of younger children. This stage is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and a more complex understanding of self and others.
Abstract Reasoning and Hypothetical-Deductive Thinking
Unlike the concrete operational...
Abstract Reasoning and Hypothetical-Deductive Thinking
Unlike the concrete operational...
91
02:45Self-Discrepancy Theory
18.4K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
18.4K