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相关概念视频

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems01:19

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

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A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case of a non-isolated system, the change in the internal energy is zero only if the process is cyclic. A thermodynamic process is considered cyclic if the system undergoes a series of changes and returns to its initial state. 
Consider a cyclic process that returns to its initial state, undergoing a four-step process. The heat transfer along each...
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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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Second Order systems I01:20

Second Order systems I

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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...
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Typical Model Studies01:30

Typical Model Studies

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Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.
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Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The...
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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动态独立:在复杂的动态系统中发现新出现的宏观过程.

L Barnett1, A K Seth1,2

  • 1Sussex Centre for Consciousness Science, Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom.

Physical review. E
|August 16, 2023
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

我们引入了一种新的方法来识别复杂系统中的新兴现象. 这种方法量化了动态独立性,以发现具有不同行为的宏观变量,有助于理解多尺度系统.

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科学领域:

  • 复杂系统科学 复杂系统科学
  • 动态系统理论 动态系统理论
  • 信息理论 信息理论

背景情况:

  • 宏观现象往往源于复杂的多变量微观动态.
  • 了解出现需要区分宏观行为与潜在的微观过程.

研究的目的:

  • 引入基于动态独立的新兴的定量框架.
  • 开发用于发现复杂系统中出现的宏观变量的方法.
  • 为了能够创建多尺度的浮现肖像.

主要方法:

  • 通过宏观变量的动态独立来定义出现.
  • 使用香农基于信息的衡量器来测量动态依赖.
  • 为线性系统 (时间和频率领域) 开发显式计算.
  • 概述神经生理学时间序列数据的应用.

主要成果:

  • 动态依赖的量化提供了一种衡量出现的方法.
  • 该框架有助于以数据驱动的方式发现新出现的现象.
  • 线性系统分析允许明确计算动态依赖.
  • 对于复杂的系统,包括神经系统,可以推断出出现肖像.

结论:

  • 动态独立提供了一个严格的定义的出现.
  • 提出的方法可以识别和描述新出现的行为.
  • 这项工作为分析不同系统的跨时空尺度的出现提供了一条途径.