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Distribution of Molecular Speeds01:27

Distribution of Molecular Speeds

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The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...
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Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving01:20

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving

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Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
This distribution function f(v) is defined by saying that the expected number N (v1,v2) of particles with speeds between v1 and v2 is given by
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The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Quantifying Heat02:46

Quantifying Heat

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Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials
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量子布朗运动中的热量分布

Ze-Zhou Zhang1,2, Qing-Shou Tan3, Wei Wu1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.

Physical review. E
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概括

这项研究探讨了放松过程中的量子热统计. 量子热的交换波动定理在强烈的非马科夫制度中崩,挑战了标准的热力学处理.

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科学领域:

  • 量子热力学就是量子热力学.
  • 统计力学就是统计力学.
  • 凝聚物质物理学 凝聚物质物理学

背景情况:

  • 量子布朗运动对于理解开放量子系统至关重要.
  • 卡尔代拉-莱格特模型为研究量子散射提供了一个框架.
  • 传统分析通常依赖于波恩-马科维亚和弱合近似.

研究的目的:

  • 在系统放松过程中调查量子热统计.
  • 为了分析超出标准近似的热分布.
  • 检查热力学定理在非马科夫制度中的有效性.

主要方法:

  • 使用正常模式转换.
  • 采用相位空间配方方法.
  • 开发一个精确的动态框架.

主要成果:

  • 分析了超出Born-Markovian和弱合近似的量子热分布.
  • 发现量子热的交换波动定理可以分解.
  • 这种崩发生在强烈非马科夫主义的政权中.

结论:

  • 对于强烈非马科夫的开放量子系统,标准的马科夫处理是不够的.
  • 结果促进了对量子系统中不平衡热力学的理解.
  • 这些发现突出了当前热力学定理在非马科夫条件下的局限性.