幼儿自发地发明了三种不同类型的关联性工具使用行为
E Reindl1,2,3, C Tennie4, I A Apperly1
1School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Brimingham, UK.
Evolutionary human sciences
|August 17, 2023
概括
幼儿园儿童可以从三岁起发明协同工具使用 (ATU) 行为,结合多种工具. 然而,成功地解决新的ATU任务仍然是年幼儿童面临的挑战.
科学领域:
- 认知发展 认知发展
- 比较心理学比较心理学
- 人类进化人类进化
背景情况:
- 协同工具使用 (ATU) 涉及组合工具,研究表明灵长类动物和鸟类的自发发明.
- 在人类儿童中对ATU的研究有限,在理解发育性出现方面存在差距.
- 现有的文献将ATU分为工具集,工具组合,序列和二次工具使用等类型.
研究的目的:
- 为了调查在学龄前儿童中ATU行为自发发明的情况.
- 为了确定儿童开始表现出ATU能力的年龄.
- 评估学龄前儿童在创建ATU时在新背景下面临的挑战.
主要方法:
- 针对3岁零个月至6岁零个月的学龄前儿童进行了两项实验.
- 新任务旨在测量工具集,元工具和顺序工具的使用.
- 参与者单独解决任务,以尽量减少社会学习的影响.
主要成果:
- 只有三岁的孩子自发发明了所有经过测试的ATU行为类型.
- 解决新型ATU任务的成功率在各个年龄组中普遍较低.
- 在新情况中个别发明ATU对学龄前儿童来说是一个重大挑战.
结论:
- 自发ATU发明的能力在人类发育的早期出现,在三岁时.
- 虽然这种能力存在,但掌握新的ATU任务需要进一步的认知发展和练习.
- 开发的任务为未来关于跨物种工具使用和解决问题的研究提供了一个平台.
相关概念视频
Associative Learning
441
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Classical conditioning, also known...
441
Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development
660
The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
660
Observational Learning
209
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
209
Language Development
395
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
395
Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development
107
The preoperational stage, the second of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, spans approximately ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thinking. During this stage, children use language, images, and symbols to represent objects and concepts, enabling them to engage in imaginative and pretend play. This symbolic thinking supports children's ability to perform make-believe actions, such as imagining a broom as a horse or their hand as a phone,...
107
Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development
89
The formal operational stage, as described in Piaget's cognitive development theory, begins around age 11 and extends into adulthood. It marks the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities that differentiate adolescent and adult thinking from those of younger children. This stage is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and a more complex understanding of self and others.
Abstract Reasoning and Hypothetical-Deductive Thinking
Unlike the concrete operational...
Abstract Reasoning and Hypothetical-Deductive Thinking
Unlike the concrete operational...
89


