景观异质性为捕食者和猎物提供了共同的好处
Corbin C Kuntze1, Jonathan N Pauli1, Ceeanna J Zulla1
1Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
概括
景观异质性有利于危险的捕食者和猎物. 多样化的息地和猎物避难所,比如脚木鼠 (Neotoma fuscipes) 的年轻森林,支持较高的木鼠种群,并增加加利福尼亚斑点猫头 (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) 的食成功.
科学领域:
- 生态生态学 生态生态学
- 保护生物学 保护生物学
- 野生动物管理 野生动物管理
背景情况:
- 全球捕食者种群面临着由于息地变化和改变的食用相互作用而下降的风险.
- 景观异质性的理论是有利于掠食者-猎物动态,但自然系统的经验证据是有限的.
研究的目的:
- 测试景观异质性是否调解加利福尼亚斑点猫头和阴暗脚木鼠之间的捕食者-猎物相互作用,使两种物种都受益.
- 调查植被类型多样性在支持猎物种群和影响捕食者食行为的作用.
主要方法:
- 结合活捕捉和VHF跟踪来估计木鼠密度和生存率.
- 进行了对猫头幼的猎物交付的直接观察.
- 在异质与均质的猫头家域中比较掠食者-猎物动态.
主要成果:
- 与同质性森林相比,异质性家庭范围中的木丰富度是异质性家庭范围的2.5倍,年轻森林充当关键来源息地.
- 木鼠的死亡率很低,在息地类型之间没有差异;猫头的掠食只发生在成熟的森林中,这表明年轻的森林可以作为避难所.
- 猫头在异质地区消耗的木鼠数量是猫头的2.5倍,总生物质量增加了30%,这表明了显著的能量效益.
结论:
- 一个包含年轻森林斑块的马赛克景观增强了木鼠的丰富性和可用性,为斑点猫头提供了巨大的能量和生殖优势.
- 具有猎物避难所的异质景观提供了实证支持,有利于捕食者和猎物种群.
- 促进具有猎物避难所的异质生态系统对于保护面临风险的掠食者面临景观均质化的保护至关重要.
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