儿童和成人对人们可以相信什么的直觉
Joshua A Confer1, Hanna Schleihauf2, Jan M Engelmann1
1Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
Child development
|August 23, 2023
概括
儿童和成年人相信证据和道德信念限制了持有替代信仰. 幼儿认为道德信仰比成年人更固定的,这表明早期的复杂直觉.
科学领域:
- 认知发展 认知发展
- 道德心理学道德心理学
- 认识论的认识论学.
背景情况:
- 了解个人如何看待持有不同信仰的可能性对于认知和社会发展至关重要.
- 之前的研究表明,信仰,特别是道德信仰,可以被认为更为刚性,更不容易改变.
- 研究与年龄相关的信念灵活性差异可以阐明元认知和认识论推理的发展.
研究的目的:
- 检查证据支持和信仰的道德性质如何影响不同年龄组对持有替代信仰的可能性的判断.
- 为了比较幼儿 (5~6岁和7~8岁) 和成年人之间对信仰灵活性的感知约束.
- 探索关于信念可能性和约束的直觉的发展轨迹.
主要方法:
- 两项预先注册的研究与240名参与者进行 (包括5-6岁,7-8岁和成年人).
- 参与者判断了个人持有替代信仰的可能性,在有或没有证据支持初始信仰的条件下 (研究1).
- 当初的信念被描述为道德与非道德时,参与者评估了信仰灵活性 (研究2).
主要成果:
- 儿童和成人都认为,当初始信念得到证据支持时,个人无法持有替代信念,但在没有证据时,他们认为这种可能性是存在的.
- 参与者还认为,当最初的信仰是道德的,与非道德信仰相对立时,个人不能持有替代信仰.
- 年幼的孩子,比成年人更多地认为道德信仰是特别受限制的,这表明他们很早就了解了信仰的刚性.
结论:
- 这些发现表明,儿童和成年人对持有替代信仰被认为可能或不可能的条件具有复杂的直觉.
- 证据支持和信念的道德性质显著限制了感知到的信念灵活性,而道德信念被视为更固定的.
- 在发育方面,幼儿表现出对信仰约束的细微理解,特别是关于道德信念的细微理解,突出了早期的元认知复杂性.
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