贫穷,而不是穷人的贫穷
David Brady1,2
1University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
Science advances
|August 23, 2023
概括
与其他富裕国家相比,美国的贫困率异常高. 这份综述认为,持续贫困的主要驱动因素是系统性政治和政策因素,而不是个人失败.
科学领域:
- 社会经济研究是社会经济研究.
- 公共政策分析 公共政策分析
- 贫困研究 贫困研究
背景情况:
- 美国的贫困是一个重大而持久的问题,不成比例地影响到特定的人口统计数据,并且在发达国家中仍然是一个异常因素.
- 对高贫困现有的解释往往侧重于穷人的个体特征或行为,而不是系统因素.
- 对个人主义方法 (行为,情感,文化) 的批判性审查强调了它们在解决问题的规模方面的局限性.
研究的目的:
- 解释美国持续高贫困率背后的系统原因.
- 批评普遍存在的以个人为中心的贫困解释.
- 倡导向政治和基于政策的贫困解释转变.
主要方法:
- 对美国贫困趋势和特征的描述性证据的系统审查.
- 对贫困 (行为,情感,文化) 的常见个人主义解释进行批判性分析.
- 审查政治解释,包括社会政策,政治决策和制度因素.
主要成果:
- 美国贫困的特点是人口占比很大,在富裕的民主国家中处于异常地位,并在各个群体和地方普遍存在.
- 个人主义的解释无法充分解决美国贫困的系统性质和规模.
- 政治因素,如社会政策慷慨和制度结构,是贫困水平的关键决定因素.
结论:
- 美国贫困的系统性需要远离个人主义的解释.
- 政治和社会政策的选择在延续或减轻贫困方面发挥着根本作用.
- 未来的研究和政策干预应优先考虑系统和政治因素,以有效打击贫困.
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