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Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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贫穷,而不是穷人的贫穷.

David Brady1,2

  • 1University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.

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概括
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与其他富裕国家相比,美国的贫困率异常高. 这份综述认为,持续贫困的主要驱动因素是系统性政治和政策因素,而不是个人失败.

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科学领域:

  • 社会经济研究是社会经济研究.
  • 公共政策分析 公共政策分析
  • 贫困研究 贫困研究

背景情况:

  • 美国的贫困是一个重大而持久的问题,不成比例地影响到特定的人口统计数据,并且在发达国家中仍然是一个异常因素.
  • 对高贫困现有的解释往往侧重于穷人的个体特征或行为,而不是系统因素.
  • 对个人主义方法 (行为,情感,文化) 的批判性审查强调了它们在解决问题的规模方面的局限性.

研究的目的:

  • 解释美国持续高贫困率背后的系统原因.
  • 批评普遍存在的以个人为中心的贫困解释.
  • 倡导向政治和基于政策的贫困解释转变.

主要方法:

  • 对美国贫困趋势和特征的描述性证据的系统审查.
  • 对贫困 (行为,情感,文化) 的常见个人主义解释进行批判性分析.
  • 审查政治解释,包括社会政策,政治决策和制度因素.

主要成果:

  • 美国贫困的特点是人口占比很大,在富裕的民主国家中处于异常地位,并在各个群体和地方普遍存在.
  • 个人主义的解释无法充分解决美国贫困的系统性质和规模.
  • 政治因素,如社会政策慷慨和制度结构,是贫困水平的关键决定因素.

结论:

  • 美国贫困的系统性需要远离个人主义的解释.
  • 政治和社会政策的选择在延续或减轻贫困方面发挥着根本作用.
  • 未来的研究和政策干预应优先考虑系统和政治因素,以有效打击贫困.