全球细颗粒物空气污染趋势的逆转
Chi Li1, Aaron van Donkelaar2, Melanie S Hammer2
1Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. chili@wustl.edu.
Nature communications
|September 2, 2023
概括
全球微粒颗粒物 (PM2.5) 污染在2011年达到峰值,此后一直在下降,主要是由于中国的减少. 这一趋势表明,改善空气质量的健康益处越来越大.
科学领域:
- 环境科学 环境科学
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 大气化学 大气化学
背景情况:
- 环境细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 是全球环境健康的重大风险.
- 量化区域对全球PM2.5暴露的影响对于有效的缓解策略至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 分析1998-2019年的卫星衍生PM2.5数据,以了解全球暴露的趋势.
- 将全球PM2.5暴露的变化归因于13个不同的地区的贡献.
- 评估PM2.5暴露趋势对全球死亡率和健康益处的影响.
主要方法:
- 从卫星获得的PM2.5估计值的解释,涵盖了22年的时间 (1998-2019).
- 考虑到污染水平和人口分布,计算全球人口加权 (PW) PM2.5暴露率.
- 对PM2.5暴露的观察变化区域贡献的分析.
主要成果:
- 全球PW PM2.5暴露量从1998年增加到2011年的峰值,然后在2019年下降.
- 2011年后的暴露减少主要与中国污染减少以及其他地方增长放缓有关.
- 确定了区域性贡献,来自南亚,中东和非洲的显著影响.
结论:
- 全球PM2.5空气污染的增长在2011年后反转,主要是由于中国的努力.
- 减少PM2.5暴露有助于稳定PM2.5相关死亡率.
- 减轻PM2.5的健康益处不断增加,突显了改善空气质量的紧迫性,特别是在人口老龄化方面.
相关概念视频
Global Climate Change
24.5K
Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
24.5K
Threats to Biodiversity
22.4K
There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
22.4K
The Carbon Cycle
38.4K
Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
38.4K
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H
5.6K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
5.6K
Bioremediation
18.9K
Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins in groundwater as a byproduct of agricultural run-off and also to clean up oil spills.
18.9K


