在临床应用中编辑人类基因组:日本的普通人和专家态度
Tsutomu Sawai1,2, Taichi Hatta3, Kyoko Akatsuka4
1Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
Frontiers in genetics
|September 4, 2023
概括
关于基因编辑的公众意见显示,有条件地接受遗传基因组编辑 (HGE) 和体质基因组编辑 (SGE). 大多数非专业人士和研究人员认为HGE可用于治疗疾病,但不能用于增强.
科学领域:
- 生物伦理学生物伦理学
- 遗传学 是一个遗传学.
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
背景情况:
- 基因编辑婴儿的出现引发了全球关于生殖基因组编辑的伦理担忧.
- 国际机构和国家呼吁公开讨论遗传基因组编辑 (HGE).
- 了解利益相关者对HGE可接受性的看法对于建立知情共识至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 评估公众和研究人员对体基因组编辑 (SGE) 和HGE的接受度.
- 确定HGE被认为是可接受或不可接受的特定条件和目的.
- 为围绕人类基因组编辑应用程序进行的伦理辩论提供信息.
主要方法:
- 2019年5月进行了一项调查,涉及普通人和研究人员.
- 参与者评价了他们对SGE和HGE的接受.
- 发现HGE"根据目的可以接受"的受访者进一步调查了特定的临床应用.
主要成果:
- 近一半的普通人 (49.3%) 和超过一半的研究人员 (56.1%) 发现HGE"根据目的可以接受".
- 非专业人士接受HGE用于不孕症 (54.5%) 和疾病治疗 (52.2%),但没有改善 (例如,身体10.7%).
- 研究人员在治疗危及生命 (94.5%) 和衰弱疾病 (92.7%) 中对HGE的接受度很高,对不孕不育的接受率较低 (69.1%),对改善的看法与非专业人士相似.
结论:
- 社会辩论现在必须包括遗传基因组编辑 (HGE) 和体质基因组编辑 (SGE).
- 人类基因组编辑的可接受性因目的而异,对治疗用途有强烈的支持.
- 需要进一步的伦理讨论,以制定临床基因组编辑应用的指南.
相关概念视频
01:59CRISPR
52.3K
Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
52.3K
00:49What is Genetic Engineering?
74.3K
Overview
74.3K
02:23RNA Editing
9.0K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
9.0K
02:59Animal Mitochondrial Genetics
7.6K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
7.6K
01:28CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing
49
The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
49
02:53CRISPR and crRNAs
17.1K
Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
17.1K