在语言理解过程中的预测:下一步是什么?
Rachel Ryskin1, Mante S Nieuwland2
1Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California Merced, 5200 Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
Trends in cognitive sciences
|September 13, 2023
概括
语言预测是理解文本的关键,但大脑机制尚不清楚. 本综述探讨了背景如何塑造预测,并确定了未来对语言处理研究的开放问题.
科学领域:
- 认知科学 认知科学
- 心理语言学 心理语言学
- 神经科学是一个神经科学.
背景情况:
- 渐进式语言理解严重依赖于预测.
- 支持预测的认知架构尚未得到充分理解.
- 听众和读者利用各种不同的上下文信息进行预测.
研究的目的:
- 审查现有关于语言理解预测的研究.
- 探索语言处理过程中预测的多方面的性质.
- 确定和讨论未解决的问题,指导未来对潜在机制的研究.
主要方法:
- 关于语言理解中的预测研究的文献综述.
- 分析语境信息如何影响预测的产生.
- 讨论预测处理中的个人差异.
主要成果:
- 听众和读者通过使用上下文线索产生各种预测.
- 个人差异,如语言体验,会影响预测策略.
- 关于预测与记忆和生产的必要性,起源和关系的几个关键问题仍然存在.
结论:
- 预测是语言理解中的一个复杂的认知过程.
- 需要进一步的研究来阐明预测的机制和必要性.
- 了解预测对于语言处理的综合模型至关重要.
相关概念视频
01:10Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language
909
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
909
01:27Language and Cognition
373
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
373
01:22Language Development
394
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
394
01:24Components of Language
313
Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
313
02:24Predicting Reaction Outcomes
8.5K
Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
8.5K