在语言理解过程中多个预测:朋友,敌人,或冷漠的同伴?
Trevor Brothers1, Emily Morgan2, Anthony Yacovone3
1Department of Psychology, North Carolina A&T, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Tufts University, United States of America.
Cognition
|September 16, 2023
概括
预测语言包括激活多个单词的可能性. 这项研究表明,激活高概率和低概率的单词有助于处理不太预期的单词,与语言生成不同.
科学领域:
- 认知科学 认知科学
- 神经科学是一个神经科学.
- 心理语言学 心理语言学
背景情况:
- 语言理解依赖于根据上下文预测即将出现的单词.
- 以前的研究往往侧重于单词预测,忽视了具有多种可能性的上下文.
- 了解多个预先激活的替代品如何影响处理对于预测语言模型至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 调查预先激活高概率和低概率单词替代品对处理低概率单词的影响.
- 确定语言理解是否涉及预先激活的替代品之间的竞争性抑制或相互增强.
- 在预测性语言处理中区分竞争性和促进性机制.
主要方法:
- 记录了与事件相关的电脑电图 (EEG) 潜力 (ERP),而参与者阅读句子.
- 使用三句话场景,限制单词或两个潜在的延续 (高和低概率).
- 分析了ERP组件,如N400 (词法语处理) 和后面的正面积极性.
主要成果:
- 由于竞争性预激活,没有证据表明较低概率词的处理成本.
- 发现预先激活多个替代方案的好处,特别是当它们在语义上相关时.
- 证明了对较低概率的目标的增强分级便利,与更高概率的替代方案相关联.
结论:
- 预测性语言理解似乎不使用在语言生产中看到的竞争性抑制机制.
- 预先激活多个替代品,特别是相关的替代品,可以增强处理不太预期的单词.
- 研究结果支持语言理解的层次概率模型,例如预测编码.
相关概念视频
01:27Language and Cognition
373
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
373
01:10Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language
909
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
909
01:22Language Development
394
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
394
01:24Components of Language
313
Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
313
01:03Prediction Intervals
2.3K
The interval estimate of any variable is known as the prediction interval. It helps decide if a point estimate is dependable.
However, the point estimate is most likely not the exact value of the population parameter, but close to it. After calculating point estimates, we construct interval estimates, called confidence intervals or prediction intervals. This prediction interval comprises a range of values unlike the point estimate and is a better predictor of the observed sample value, y.
However, the point estimate is most likely not the exact value of the population parameter, but close to it. After calculating point estimates, we construct interval estimates, called confidence intervals or prediction intervals. This prediction interval comprises a range of values unlike the point estimate and is a better predictor of the observed sample value, y.
2.3K
02:24Predicting Reaction Outcomes
8.5K
Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
8.5K