概括
海洋无脊椎动物幼虫在暴露于捕食者线索时,可以在定居之前改变它们的幼虫防御. 这种表型的可塑性有助于保护它们免受转化后的直接威胁,尽管反应因物种和捕食者类型而异.
科学领域:
- 海洋生物学 海洋生物学
- 发展生物学 发展生物学
- 生态生态学 生态生态学
背景情况:
- 具有双相生命周期的海洋无脊椎动物从盆地成年人过渡到浮游生物幼虫,然后回到盆地幼虫.
- 变形使新定居的幼虫暴露在新的捕食者面前,往往导致高死亡率.
- 现型可塑性使幼无脊椎动物能够在响应捕食者线索时发展防御能力,但时机可能至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 为了调查浮游生物体幼虫是否会在定居之前对水中传播的掠食者线索作出反应,改变它们的幼生表型.
- 测试幼虫可以预测变形后掠食风险并相应调整防御的假设.
主要方法:
- 绿 (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) 和太平洋沙美元 (Dendraster excentricus) 的幼虫在发育和定居期间暴露于捕食者线索 ().
- 对照组保持在没有捕食者线索的状态.
- 在暴露和对照组之间比较了青少年形态 (脊柱长度,数量,圆盘面积) 和结算时间.
主要成果:
- 暴露于捕食者线索的绿幼虫与显著更多的幼结合在一起.
- 暴露于盆地掠食者线索的沙元幼虫早些时候定居,具有更大的盘面积,更少,更短的棘.
- 暴露在浮游生物捕食者线索下的沙元幼虫表现出更为明显的变化,以减少的脊柱更快地和更大地定居.
结论:
- 皮幼虫表现出表型可塑性,在水柱中检测到的捕食者线索的响应中改变幼虫形态.
- 具体的防御反应在物种之间有所不同 (鱼与沙币).
- 幼虫可能会优先考虑对浮游生物威胁的反应,而不是盆地威胁,这表明在脆弱的定居阶段,复杂的适应策略.
相关概念视频
Predator-Prey Interactions
16.3K
Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
16.3K
Speciation Rates
21.3K
Overview
21.3K
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype
6.6K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
6.6K
Types of Selection
40.6K
Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
40.6K
Frequency-dependent Selection
22.1K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
22.1K
Diversity of Protists I
35
Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
35


