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Diffusion

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...

Reaction Mechanisms

Reaction Mechanisms

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...

Multi-Step Reactions

Multi-Step Reactions

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...

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Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules

Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules

Published on: September 5, 2019

单分子反应-扩散反应

Lance W Q Xu 徐伟青^1,2, Sina Jazani³, Zeliha Kilic⁴

¹Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

|September 21, 2023

概括

此摘要是机器生成的。

我们开发了一种新的单分子反应扩散 (smRD) 方法,以跟踪分子层面的蛋白质相互作用. 这种技术提供了精确的动力数据,没有表面限制,比传统方法提供了显著的进步.

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科学领域:

生物物理学的生物物理.
单分子光谱学单分子光谱学
蛋白质动力学蛋白质动力学

背景情况:

研究溶液中的分子相互作用对于理解生物过程至关重要.
传统的方法,如光相关谱法,通常会产生平均的,大量的结果.
在单个分子水平上分析反应-扩散动态提供了前所未有的细节.

研究的目的:

开发一种新的方法,以分子为分子的基础上捕捉反应-扩散动态.
为了分析内在无序的人类蛋白质的相互作用,链接素H1.0和prothymosin.
提供一种方法,在没有表面限制的情况下揭示单分子性质.

主要方法:

开发了一个单分子反应扩散 (smRD) 的贝叶斯框架,称为贝叶斯-smRD.
利用单个光子从同焦点到达的时间来捕捉动态.
分析了扩散分子的空间位置和形态/光物理状态变化.

主要成果:

成功地将贝叶斯-smRD应用于内在无序的人类蛋白质 (海斯H1.0和prothymosin).
在毫秒时间尺度上观察到更大的三元复合体的形成.
证明贝叶斯-smRD需要比光相关谱学少得多的数据 (大小的2-3个数量级).
由于数据要求较低,减少了样品的光损伤.

结论:

贝叶斯-smRD使得在单个分子水平上高精度地研究反应扩散.
该方法克服了批量分析和表面限制的局限性.
贝叶斯-smRD提供了一种强大的工具,以减少数据和光损伤来表征分子相互作用和动态.