暗默认:选择架构如何引导政治竞选捐款
Nathaniel Posner1, Andrey Simonov2, Kellen Mrkva3
1Columbia Business School, Marketing Division, New York, NY 10027.
概括
政治竞选网站使用预先检查的捐款盒,捐款增加了超过4300万美元. 这项研究揭示了默认选项如何显著影响捐助者行为和竞选融资.
科学领域:
- 行为经济学是一种行为经济学.
- 政治科学 政治科学是指政治学.
- 电子商务是电子商务.
背景情况:
- 政治运动越来越依赖于在线捐款.
- 在网上捐款表格中使用预选框 (默认值) 是一种常见的,但尚未研究的策略.
- 了解这些违约的影响对于保护捐助者和提高竞选融资透明度至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 为了因果估计预先检查的反复捐赠默认对捐赠者的行为的影响.
- 量化这些违约对政治竞选的财务影响.
- 探索默认暴露时间和捐赠者特征如何影响捐赠模式.
主要方法:
- 利用分阶差异设计,分析来自多个政治竞选网站的数据,在执行反复的捐款默认之前和之后.
- 在有违约和没有违约的运动之间,以及在不同的时间段中,比较了捐款金额和退款请求.
- 分析了默认持续时间和捐赠者的默认经验对捐赠行为的影响.
主要成果:
- 预先检查的经常性捐款默认值增加了大约4300万美元的总竞选捐款.
- 违约导致退款请求增加,总额近300万美元.
- 违约的影响对较小的捐助者和那些对此类默认选项新的捐助者更为明显,导致更多的经常性捐赠链.
结论:
- 经常出现的捐款违约显著增加了竞选筹款,但也增加了退款请求,暗示了潜在的意外捐助者承诺.
- 违约风险的持续时间与通过定期捐款筹集的金额呈正相关.
- 违约不成比例地影响了经验较少的捐助者,强调了在线政治筹款中需要更清晰的披露和消费者保护的需要.
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