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比较转录学揭示了人类皮层的特征

Nikolas L Jorstad¹, Janet H T Song^2,3,4,5, David Exposito-Alonso^2,3,4,5

¹Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|October 12, 2023

概括

人类大脑的进化揭示了很少有基因变化定义了不同的认知能力. 与其他灵长类相比,成年人新皮质的基因表达差异很小.

科学领域:

神经科学
进化生物学
基因组学

背景情况:

人类的认知能力是独一无二的,
了解灵长类大脑的演变需要对神经组织进行比较分析.

研究的目的:

识别新皮层中人类特有的分子和细胞特征.
研究神经细胞类型和人类基因表达的进化轨迹.

主要方法:

比较的单核转录学.
从人类,黑猩猩,大猩猩, rhesus macaques 和 marmosets 的中环 (MTG) 样本进行分析.
对细胞类型组成,层状组织和基因表达模式的检查.

主要成果:

人类,黑猩猩和大猩猩的MTG具有相似的细胞组成和组织.
与和大猩猩相比,观察到深层神经元比例的显著变化.
神经元基因表达在人类血统中变化得更快,只有几百个基因表现出人类特有的模式.

结论:

相对较少的遗传和细胞变化可以区分成年人的新皮质.
这些微妙的分子差异可能是人类不同认知功能的基础.
比较转录学是理解灵长类大脑进化的一个强大工具.

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