哺乳动物的牙和胃肠道:当1+1=3时
Marcus Clauss1, Julia Fritz2, Jürgen Hummel3
1Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
概括
哺乳动物将肠道微生物作为食物来源,这是传统的食物分类所忽视的策略. 这种微生物收获,加上反,提高了消化效率和营养同化.
科学领域:
- 动物生理学 动物生理学
- 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
- 微生物组研究的研究.
背景情况:
- 哺乳动物的消化系统和牙通常被分类为食物协会 (例如,食草动物,食肉动物).
- 微生物通常被视为消化过程的被动促进者,特别是在食草哺乳动物中.
- 肠道微生物作为获取的营养来源的作用在生态和进化研究中经常被低估.
研究的目的:
- 通过强调微生物收获的重要性,重新评估哺乳动物的营养适应.
- 探索牙适应,消化道形态和微生物养殖之间的进化联系.
- 解释微生物收获和反如何有助于提高消化效率.
主要方法:
- 在哺乳动物种群中对牙和消化道适应的比较分析.
- 对有关哺乳动物消化,微生物共生和食策略的现有文献的审查.
- 概念框架将微生物收获纳入热量协会的定义.
主要成果:
- 哺乳动物,特别是食草动物和食肉动物,已经进化了收获肠道微生物作为主要或补充食物来源的机制.
- 微生物的收获通过共或专门的消化道机制 (例如,森林胃洗) 发生.
- 微生物收获的进化推动了诸如反等创新,将牙处理与消化效率联系起来.
结论:
- 哺乳动物的营养分类应将微生物收获纳入作为一种关键的适应战略.
- 与肠道微生物的共生关系超出了促进直接营养供应的范围.
- 创新的消化策略,包括反,进化以最大限度地从植物物质和共生微生物中提取营养.
相关概念视频
01:22Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System I: Ingestion and Propulsion
443
The physiology of the gastrointestinal system begins with ingestion as food enters the mouth.
443
01:15Teeth
460
The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
460
01:11Oral Cavity
760
The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
Teeth: The teeth are the hardest structures in our bodies. Humans have two sets of teeth throughout their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Each tooth consists of several parts: the crown (visible part), the root (embedded in the jaw), enamel (hard outer...
Teeth: The teeth are the hardest structures in our bodies. Humans have two sets of teeth throughout their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Each tooth consists of several parts: the crown (visible part), the root (embedded in the jaw), enamel (hard outer...
760
01:50What is Monogastric Digestion?
71.3K
The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
71.3K
01:22Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption
576
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, extending from the mouth to the anus, plays a pivotal role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. This process involves both mechanical and chemical actions facilitated by various enzymes.
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food undergoes mechanical breakdown by chewing and combines with saliva. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva, starts the breakdown of starches into maltose. The food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach.
In the stomach, a...
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food undergoes mechanical breakdown by chewing and combines with saliva. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva, starts the breakdown of starches into maltose. The food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach.
In the stomach, a...
576
01:21Tooth Anatomy
510
The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
510