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相关概念视频

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

832
The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
832
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
10
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

125
The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
125
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

127
The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
127
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

431
Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
431
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

13
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Updated: Jul 12, 2025

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
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膀癌是一种癌症.

Lars Dyrskjøt1,2, Donna E Hansel3, Jason A Efstathiou4

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.

Nature reviews. Disease primers
|October 26, 2023
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

膀癌呈现出多种不同的分子亚型和治疗策略. 诊断和治疗方面的进步,包括免疫疗法,正在改善非肌肉侵入性和肌肉侵入性膀癌的患者结果.

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An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer
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科学领域:

  • 在瘤学瘤学.
  • 遗传学 是一个遗传学.
  • 泌尿器科 泌尿器科 泌尿器科 泌尿器科

背景情况:

  • 膀癌对全球健康具有重要意义,在发病率和预后方面存在显著的基于性别的差异.
  • 不同的分子亚型和致病途径的特征是非肌肉侵入性与肌肉侵入性膀癌.
  • 与其非肌肉侵入性对应物相比,在肌肉侵入性膀癌中观察到更高的突变负担.

研究的目的:

  • 审查当前对膀癌分子亚型,诊断进展和治疗策略的理解.
  • 要突出膀癌管理的不断变化的景观,受分子分析和新治疗方式的影响.
  • 强调早期检测和个性化治疗方法的重要性.

主要方法:

  • 审查关于膀癌分子特征,诊断和治疗的当前文献.
  • 对膀癌中常见的基因突变进行分析,例如TERT,FGFR3,TP53,PIK3CA和STAG2.
  • 检查诊断工具,包括基于尿的测试和无细胞DNA分析,以及治疗方式,如通过尿道切除,化疗和免疫治疗.

主要成果:

  • 膀癌的分类正在随着单细胞分析而发展,揭示了复杂的分子异质性.
  • 微创诊断,包括尿液和血液检测,对早期检测和监测充满希望.
  • 有效的治疗方法包括通过尿道切除和非肌肉侵入性疾病的静脉内疗法,以及肌肉侵入性疾病的激进囊切除和新辅助化疗.

结论:

  • 膀癌管理需要采用多学科方法,整合患者和分子特征.
  • 免疫检查点抑制剂在膀癌的各个阶段都具有治疗效益.
  • 对分子亚型和诊断创新的持续研究对于改善膀癌预后至关重要.