在洪加通加风云中,气溶形成的速度出乎意料
Elizabeth Asher1,2, Michael Todt1,2, Karen Rosenlof2
1Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309.
概括
2022年洪加通加-洪加哈帕伊火山爆发将大量的二氧化硫 (SO2) 和水蒸气 (H2O) 注入平流层. 这导致了硫酸气溶的快速形成,并观察到大颗粒.
科学领域:
- 大气中的化学成分
- 火山学 火山学是一门学科.
- 石流层科学是一门科学.
背景情况:
- 2022年1月的Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HT-HH) 喷发产生了前所未有的平流层气溶光学深度的火山羽毛.
- 之前的火山事件,比如山. 皮纳图博,为评估平流层影响提供基准.
研究的目的:
- 描述HT-HH火山羽毛的组成和演变.
- 量化二氧化硫 (SO2) 和水蒸气 (H2O) 进入平流层的数量.
- 了解平流层气溶喷发后的形成路径和特征.
主要方法:
- 使用气球载载仪器从里昂尼翁岛发射,从喷发后7-10天取样HT-HH烟雾.
- 测量了气溶数量和尺寸分布,以及SO2和H2O度.
- 分析数据以确定羽毛的组成,注射高度和气溶形成率.
主要成果:
- 在火山羽毛中观察到意想不到的大量的大颗粒.
- 将总硫注入量限制在大约0.2 Tg.
- 确定硫酸气溶的形成在3周内完成.
- 确定了显著的H2O增强,为气溶表面积贡献了30%左右,并加速了SO2氧化.
结论:
- 在HT-HH喷发中,大量的SO2和H2O被注入了平流层.
- 高度的H2O显著影响了SO2氧化和气溶的形成,与平常的平流层条件相比,其速度翻了三倍.
- 气溶的快速形成和大颗粒的存在对平流层化学和动态有影响.
相关概念视频
01:25Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods
537
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
537
01:30Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference
203
In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
203
01:22Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation
499
The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers. Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
499
01:20Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview
2.3K
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
2.3K
01:19Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle
669
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
669
01:16Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control
793
In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
793