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相关概念视频

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.3K
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

38
Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
38
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

15.6K
Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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相关实验视频

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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

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LINE-1逆转移子驱动人类神经元转录组的复杂性和功能多样化.

Raquel Garza1,2, Diahann A M Atacho1,2, Anita Adami1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, BMC A11, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.

Science advances
|November 1, 2023
PubMed
概括

长间隔的核元素-1 (L1) 逆转移子在人类大脑中活跃,产生新的转录. 这些L1衍生RNAs有助于人类大脑的进化和发育.

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Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain
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科学领域:

  • 遗传学 遗传学 是一个
  • 神经科学是一个神经科学.
  • 进化生物学 进化生物学

背景情况:

  • 人类大脑进化的遗传基础,特别是它的大小和复杂性,尚未得到充分理解.
  • 众所周知,长间隔的核元素-1 (L1) 逆转移子在灵长类动物中引入遗传多样性,但它们在人类生理学和大脑进化中的作用尚不清楚.

研究的目的:

  • 研究人类大脑中L1逆转移体的活性和功能.
  • 确定L1衍生的遗传元素对人类大脑进化和发育的贡献.

主要方法:

  • 人类大脑 (发育期和成年期) 的multiomics概况.
  • 对L1衍生转录的分析,包括嵌合式和调节性RNA.
  • 通过CRISPR干扰 (CRISPRi) 在脑器官中使L1衍生的长非编码RNA LINC01876沉默.

主要成果:

  • L1促进体在发育中的大脑和成年人大脑中都具有动态活性.
  • 数以百计的发育调节和细胞类型特定的L1转录被生成,包括嵌合体转录和调节性RNA.
  • 特定于人类的L1衍生长非编码RNA LINC01876对于正常的脑器官发育至关重要,其沉默导致大小减少和神经前体过早分化.

结论:

  • L1逆转移体对人类转录基因组的复杂性做出了重大贡献.
  • 来自L1的转录代表了一种新的灵长类动物和人类特异性的遗传信息层.
  • 这些发现表明L1元素与人类大脑的功能多样化和演变有关.