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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Brain Tumor/Organotypic Slice Co-culture System for Studying Tumor Microenvironment and Targeted Drug Therapies
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乳红细胞瘤:一个不断变化的视角和当前的概念

Andreas Kiriakopoulos1, Periklis Giannakis2, Evangelos Menenakos2

  • 1Department of Surgery, 'Evgenidion Hospital', National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, 5th Surgical Clinic, Papadiamantopoulou 20 Str, PO: 11528, Athens 11528, Greece.

Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism
|November 2, 2023
PubMed
概括

个性化基因检测和先进诊断对于及时诊断染细胞瘤和骨瘤 (PPGL) 是至关重要的. 管理包括手术,化疗或放射性核素,强调多学科和个性化的方法.

关键词:
这就是为什么NETtest是NETtest.上腺髓 上腺髓上腺瘤是什么?上腺切除术 (adrenalectomy) 是一种腹腔镜上腺切除术 腹腔镜上腺切除术神经内分泌瘤是一个神经内分泌瘤.帕拉格里奥马马是什么意思叶染色细胞瘤 ( pheochromocytoma) 是一种致血性细胞瘤.

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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...