laparoscopic:

Weijun Fu1, Xu Zhang1

  • 1Department of Urology, Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing 100039, China.

PubMed
概括

最少侵入性手术,如机器人辅助的激进囊切除术 (RC) 与扩展的盆腔淋巴结解剖 (PLND),为膀癌提供了好处. 虽然可行和安全,但需要进一步的试验来确认长期生存结果.

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