捕食风险驱动着大量草食群体的迁徙行为和人口结构的长期变化
S Williams1, M Hebblewhite1, H Martin1
1Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.
The Journal of animal ecology
|November 20, 2023
概括
保护区以外的掠食风险,而不是料,推动了鹿 (Cervus canadensis) 迁徙的变化. 这种行为可塑性影响生存和人口丰富,突出了风险和资源之间的平衡.
科学领域:
- 生态生态学 生态生态学
- 野生动物生物学 野生动物生物学
- 保护科学 保护科学
背景情况:
- 迁移是通过获取资源和避免捕食者来最大限度地提高健康状况的关键生命史策略.
- 了解迁徙变化的驱动因素及其人口影响对于野生动物管理至关重要.
- 鹿 (Cervus canadensis) 种群表现出由各种生态因素影响的复杂迁徙行为.
研究的目的:
- 在加拿大班夫国家公园 (BNP) 近二十年来调查影响鹿迁徙策略转变的因素.
- 测试自下而上 (料质量) 或自上而下 (掠食风险) 的因素是否解释了移民模式,生存率,死亡原因和人口丰度的观察趋势.
- 了解行为可塑性在个人迁徙选择及其人口统计结果中的作用.
主要方法:
- 利用了近20年的基于个体的鹿监测记录,在班夫国家公园和附近.
- 分析了使用不同迁徙策略的个体比例的趋势.
- 研究了生存率,因特定原因的死亡率 (狼,灰熊) 和与迁徙策略和掠食风险暴露有关的种群丰度的差异.
主要成果:
- 观测到鹿迁徙模式的显著变化,表明在路线选择中存在行为可塑性.
- 迁徙变化是由保护区以外的掠食风险的景观梯度驱动的,而不是料的可用性.
- 由于肉食动物的剥削减少,在BNP以外的居民或迁徙鹿的生存率更高,而在迁徙路线上狼的掠食风险更高.
- 一个新的东方移民战术在野火后出现,在一个掠食风险降低的地区.
- 观察到山地迁徙的策略有所下降,但不同的迁徙策略保持了较高的总体种群丰度.
结论:
- 掠食风险,特别是来自保护区以外的食肉动物剥削的风险,是鹿迁徙转移的主要驱动因素.
- 行为可塑性使个人能够平衡掠食风险和食权衡,影响生存和人口动态.
- 保持多样化的迁徙生命历史对于鹿种群在受保护景观中的性和整体丰富性至关重要.
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