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在患有眼病的住院马匹中使用疼痛评分系统

Dayna Jodzio1, Sally DeNotta1, Caryn Plummer1,2

  • 1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
|November 20, 2023
PubMed
概括

使用马笑容量表 (HGS) 和行为疼痛评分 (BPS) 评估眼部疾病的马的疼痛,可以帮助监测他们的进展. 较高的疼痛分数表明更严重的结果,包括手术或核切除.

关键词:
马的马,马的马,马的马,马的马.眼科医院的眼科治疗疼痛 疼痛 疼痛 疼痛

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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...