机器可以复制人类吗? 关于在开放的社交网络上对激进化内容的统一理解
Policy & internet
|November 29, 2023
概括
自动化文本分析可以在网上暴力极端主义宣传中识别共同的主题,但与孤独狼攻击等细微概念作斗争. 需要进一步开发,以匹配人类的理解,以有效检测激进化内容.
科学领域:
- 计算机科学 计算机科学
- 社会科学 社会科学 社会科学
- 安全研究 安全研究
背景情况:
- 互联网已成为暴力极端组织在全球传播宣传的关键工具.
- 目前分析在线极端主义内容的方法在很大程度上依赖于人类编程人员,这带来了与倦怠,压力和数据可靠性相关的挑战.
- 自动分类提供了一个潜在的解决方案,但需要对人类编码进行验证.
研究的目的:
- 为了比较三个文本分析软件与人类编码器在分类来自暴力极端组织的在线内容方面的有效性.
- 评估自动化程序在检测流行和细微极端主义主题时的稳定性.
- 为开发更准确的自动化系统提供信息,用于识别激进化材料.
主要方法:
- 对100个与伊拉克和叙利亚伊斯兰国 (ISIS) 相关的非索引网页进行了比较分析.
- 该研究评估了与人类编码分类对抗三个不同的文本分析包的输出.
- 重点放在检测网页中的特定主题和概念的准确性上.
主要成果:
- 普遍存在的主题,如"圣战",被所有三个文本分析包准确地识别出来.
- 细微的概念,包括"孤独狼袭击",通常被自动化系统错过.
- 在复杂或微妙的主题的自动化和人类编码之间观察到显著的差异.
结论:
- 目前的自动化文本分析方法不足以接近人类对激进化内容的理解.
- 标准文本分析工具的天真应用不能充分捕捉极端主义信息的复杂性.
- 需要进一步的研究和开发,以加强自动化系统,可靠地检测在线激进化.
相关概念视频
01:01Group Polarization
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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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01:03Radical Formation: Overview
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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
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00:54Radical Formation: Homolysis
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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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01:11Radical Reactivity: Overview
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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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00:47Radical Formation: Abstraction
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The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
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01:16Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals
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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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