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Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
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复制和冷的肉毒素A在治疗下水症方面同新鲜一样有效和安全:一项回顾性研究

Alexander Shayesteh1, Antonia Boman1, Emil Hawas1

  • 1Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

PloS one
|December 4, 2023
PubMed
概括

冷和解的肉毒素A与新鲜药物一样有效和安全,用于治疗下水症. 这种具有成本效益的方法利用剩余的肉毒毒素,减少浪费并提高诊所的效率.

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

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Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
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