在排水过程中,TNT和RDX从溶液和沉积物中的组合B爆炸残留物中移动
Favianna Cubello1, Viktor Polyakov2, Stephen Mercer Meding3
1Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1177 E 4th St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
Chemosphere
|December 23, 2023
概括
像TNT,RDX和HMX这样的军事能量可以污染水. 这项研究表明,较小的颗粒大小会增加它们在流水中的运输,从而影响水的污染潜力.
科学领域:
- 环境科学 环境科学
- 地质化学 地质化学
- 水文学的水文学
背景情况:
- 军事演习使用能量,造成地面和地表水污染的风险.
- 组成B,含有TNT,RDX和HMX,是一种常见的能量配方.
- 了解这些能源的传输机制对于环境风险评估至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 评估B组合能量在流水中的运动和运输.
- 为了研究粒子大小,降雨强度和土壤类型对能量传输的影响.
- 为了确定在排水和透中溶解,颗粒物和沉积物吸收的能量阶段的命运.
主要方法:
- 使用不同降雨率 (30和50毫米/小时) 进行了受控降雨模拟.
- 使用了两种具有不同透能力的土壤类型,以及四种不同的能量颗粒大小分布.
- 测量包括土壤表面的能量,在排水中溶解,吸附在悬浮沉积物中,以及透水中的能量.
主要成果:
- 与RDX和HMX相比,在流水中观察到TNT的度更高,这是由于溶解度的差异.
- 随着粒子大小的减少,排水中的能量颗粒运输显著增加.
- 较小的颗粒大小与较大的溶解能量传输在流水中相关.
- 已确立的流水,沉积物产量和RDX和TNT的运输之间的关系.
结论:
- 粒子大小是影响B组合能量流量运输的关键因素.
- 可以更好地预测B组合物在流水中的传输,有助于评估水污染风险.
- 这些发现有助于更好地了解能量化合物在环境中的命运和运输.
相关概念视频
01:371° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism
3.8K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
3.8K
03:08Rate-Determining Steps
32.4K
Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
32.4K
01:19Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H
2.8K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
2.8K
00:51Radical Formation: Elimination
1.7K
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
1.7K
03:20Nuclear Transmutation
17.6K
Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
17.6K
00:52Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates
920
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
920