在特征介导的营养级联中进行本地适应
James J Corbett1, Geoffrey C Trussell1
1Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences and Coastal Sustainability Institute, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA.
Proceedings. Biological sciences
|January 10, 2024
概括
牛 (Nucella lapillus) 避开捕食者的方式因当地食物供应而异,影响了海洋食物网. 资源稀缺可能会促使牛优先考虑生存而不是食,从而改变食物级联.
科学领域:
- 海洋生态海洋生态学
- 热带动力学 热带动力学
- 生态进化过程是生态进化的过程.
背景情况:
- 捕食者诱导的猎物行为通过特征介导的食物级联影响社区结构.
- 基本资源可用性在形成这些布中的作用还未得到充分研究.
- 捕食者和猎物之间的生态进化动态可以修改级联强度.
研究的目的:
- 研究基底资源的可用性如何影响捕食者-猎物相互作用和特征介导的营养级联.
- 测试猎物适应资源稀缺是否会影响它们对掠食风险的反应.
- 为了检查牛 (Nucella lapillus) 食行为的地理变化.
主要方法:
- 实地和实验室实验使用来自缅因湾两个不同贝数量地区的Nucella lapillus.
- 评估牛在捕食者 (Carcinus maenas) 存在或不存在的情况下对鱼的食行为.
- 在不同的掠食风险和环境条件下测量牛的食和生长速度.
主要成果:
- 缅因湾北部的牛,与稀缺的贝一起,在实地研究中表现出对捕食者线索的反应减少,对温度的反应增加.
- 在实验室环境中,与南方牛相比,北方牛在暴露于掠食者风险时,表现出更高的食和生长率.
- 在没有掠食者风险的情况下,北方和南方牛的食和生长率相似.
结论:
- 基本资源可用性的地理差异可能会导致猎物行为的适应性差异.
- 对资源稀缺的适应可以改变特征介导的营养级流的强度和性质.
- 了解猎物-资源动态对于预测海洋社区对环境变化的反应至关重要.
相关概念视频
01:15Natural Selection and Adaptation
207
Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
Beyond physical adaptations,...
Beyond physical adaptations,...
207
01:32What is Natural Selection?
115.3K
Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
115.3K
02:39Predator-Prey Interactions
16.2K
Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
16.2K
01:21Frequency-dependent Selection
22.0K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
22.0K
01:46Types of Selection
40.5K
Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
40.5K
02:40Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores
13.0K
Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
13.0K